As African Union leaders gather in Addis Ababa for the 39th AU Summit, a critical assessment of the 2022 Pretoria Agreement has revealed significant implementation gaps. The report, titled 'Three Years into the Pretoria Agreement: Where does it stand?', notes that while large-scale hostilities have ceased, 'positive peace'—including the restoration of constitutional order, reconstruction, and sustainable reconciliation—remains elusive. Humanitarian access has improved, and basic services have partially resumed, but the continued control of Western Tigray by Amhara regional forces and the displacement of tens of thousands remain combustible issues. Human Rights Watch has urged AU leaders to address the worsening human rights situation, as the Ethiopian National Defence Forces (ENDF) reportedly deploy reinforcements to the region amid unravelling peace commitments and rising tensions with Eritrea. Analysts argue that without a stable national political consensus, localized peace arrangements remain vulnerable to total collapse.